Root verb in second position: Ich fange die Arbeit an. For example, the separable verb anfangen ("to start") consists of the separable particle an and the root fangen: If a sentence places the verb in second position, then only the root verb will appear in second position the separated particle remains at the end of the sentence. If a particular sentence's structure places the entire verb in final position, then the particle and root verb appear together. For separable verbs, the particle always appears in final position. German sentence structure normally places verbs in second position or final position. The so-called separable verbs have a separable particle that changes the meaning of the root verb, but that does not always remain attached to the root verb. One use of tmesis was to divide the elements of personal names. In addition to the use of kennings, skalds used tmesis to obscure the meaning of the poem. Old Norse Įxamples of tmesis have been found in skaldic poetry.
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ad- cruth caín -cichither " fair form will be seen" (where ad-chichither is the future third-person singular passive of ad-cí "sees"). This results in an abnormal word order, e.g. Tmesis occurs when the pre-verbal particle is separated from the verbal stem and the verbal stem is placed in clause final position while the pre-verbal particle/prefix remains at the beginning of the clause.
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ad-midethar (ad- prefix) "evaluates, estimates". Old Irish verbs are found at the beginning of clauses (in a VSO word order) and often possess prepositional pre-verbal particles, e.g. Tmesis can be found in some early Old Irish texts, such as Audacht Morainn. In the work of the poet Ennius, the literal splitting of the word cerebrum creates a vivid image: saxo cere comminuit brum "he shattered his brain with a rock." Old Irish This device is used in this way to create a visual image of surrounding the man by means of the words on the line. circum virum dant: "they surround the man" (circumdant (circum- prefix + dant)). Words such as circumdare ("to surround") are split apart with other words of the sentence in between, e.g. Tmesis is found as a poetic or rhetorical device in classical Latin poetry, such as Ovid's Metamorphoses. In later Greek, these would combine to form the compound verb καταλείβων kataleibōn "shedding (in a downwards direction)". One common and oft-cited example is κατὰ δάκρυα λείβων ( kata dakrua leibōn "shedding tears"), in which the pre-verb/ prefix κατά- kata- "down" has not yet joined the verbal participle λείβων leibōn "shedding". There are many examples in Homer's epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, both of which preserve archaic features.
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Tmesis in Ancient Greek is something of a misnomer, since there is not necessarily a splitting of the prefix from the verb rather the consensus now seems to be that the separate prefix or pre-verb reflects a stage in the language where the prefix had not yet joined onto the verb. Such separable verbs are also part of the normal grammatical usage of some modern languages, such as Dutch and German. Tmesis of prefixed verbs (whereby the prefix is separated from the simple verb) was an original feature of the Ancient Greek language, common in Homer (and later poetry), but not used in Attic prose.